在父子指令及组件之间共享数据
Sharing data between child and parent directives and components
Angular 中的一个常见模式就是在父组件和一个或多个子组件之间共享数据。你可以用 @Input()
和 @Output()
来实现这个模式。
A common pattern in Angular is sharing data between a parent component and one or more child components. You can implement this pattern by using the @Input()
and @Output()
directives.
考虑以下层次结构:
Consider the following hierarchy:
<parent-component>
<child-component></child-component>
</parent-component>
<parent-component>
充当了 <child-component>
的上下文。
The <parent-component>
serves as the context for the <child-component>
.
@Input()
和 @Output()
为子组件提供了一种与其父组件通信的方法。 @Input()
允许父组件更新子组件中的数据。相反,@Output()
允许子组件向父组件发送数据。
@Input()
and @Output()
give a child component a way to communicate with its parent component. @Input()
allows a parent component to update data in the child component. Conversely, @Output()
allows the child to send data to a parent component.
把数据发送到子组件
Sending data to a child component
子组件或指令中的 @Input()
装饰器表示该属性可以从其父组件中获取值。
The @Input()
decorator in a child component or directive signifies that the property can receive its value from its parent component.
要使用 @Input()
,就必须对父组件和子组件进行配置。
To use @Input()
, you must configure the parent and child.
配置子组件
Configuring the child component
要使用 @Input()
装饰器,首先要导入 Input
,然后用 @Input()
装饰该属性,如下例所示。
To use the @Input()
decorator in a child component class, first import Input
and then decorate the property with @Input()
, as in the following example.
import { Component, Input } from '@angular/core'; // First, import Input
export class ItemDetailComponent {
@Input() item: string; // decorate the property with @Input()
}
在这个例子中, @Input()
会修饰属性 item
,它的类型为 string
,但 @Input()
属性可以是任意类型,比如 number
、string
、boolean
或 object
。item
的值来自父组件。
In this case, @Input()
decorates the property item
, which has a type of string
, however, @Input()
properties can have any type, such as number
, string
, boolean
, or object
. The value for item
comes from the parent component.
接下来,在子组件模板中添加以下内容:
Next, in the child component template, add the following:
<p>
Today's item: {{item}}
</p>
配置父组件
Configuring the parent component
下一步是在父组件的模板中绑定该属性。在这个例子中,父组件模板是 app.component.html
。
The next step is to bind the property in the parent component's template. In this example, the parent component template is app.component.html
.
使用子组件的 selector (
<app-item-detail>
) 作为父组件模板中的指令。Use the child's selector, here
<app-item-detail>
, as a directive within the parent component template.使用属性绑定把子组件的
item
属性绑定到父组件的currentItem
属性上。Use property binding to bind the
item
property in the child to thecurrentItem
property of the parent.
<app-item-detail [item]="currentItem"></app-item-detail>
在父组件类中,为
currentItem
指定一个值:In the parent component class, designate a value for
currentItem
:
export class AppComponent {
currentItem = 'Television';
}
通过 @Input()
,Angular 把 currentItem
的值传给子组件,以便 item
渲染为 Television
。
With @Input()
, Angular passes the value for currentItem
to the child so that item
renders as Television
.
下图展示了这种结构:
The following diagram shows this structure:
方括号 []
中的目标就是子组件中用 @Input()
装饰的那个属性。绑定源(等号的右边部分)则是父组件传给内嵌组件的数据。
The target in the square brackets, []
, is the property you decorate with @Input()
in the child component. The binding source, the part to the right of the equal sign, is the data that the parent component passes to the nested component.
监视 @Input()
的变更
Watching for @Input()
changes
要想监视 @Input()
属性的变化,你可以使用 Angular 的生命周期钩子OnChanges
。更多详情和范例,请参阅生命周期钩子 一章的 OnChanges
部分。
To watch for changes on an @Input()
property, you can use OnChanges
, one of Angular's lifecycle hooks. See the OnChanges
section of the Lifecycle Hooks guide for more details and examples.
把数据发送到父组件
Sending data to a parent component
子组件或指令中的 @Output()
装饰器允许数据从子组件传给父组件。
The @Output()
decorator in a child component or directive allows data to flow from the child to the parent.
@Output()
在子组件中标记了一个属性,作为数据从子组件传递到父组件的途径。
@Output()
marks a property in a child component as a doorway through which data can travel from the child to the parent.
子组件使用 @Output()
属性来引发事件,以通知父组件这一变化。为了引发事件, @Output()
必须是 EventEmitter
类型,它是 @angular/core
中用来发出自定义事件的类。
The child component uses the @Output()
property to raise an event to notify the parent of the change. To raise an event, an @Output()
must have the type of EventEmitter
, which is a class in @angular/core
that you use to emit custom events.
下面的例子给出了如何在组件中设置 @Output()
,来把数据从 HTML 的 <input>
推送到父组件的数组中。
The following example shows how to set up an @Output()
in a child component that pushes data from an HTML <input>
to an array in the parent component.
要使用 @Output()
,就必须配置父组件和子组件。
To use @Output()
, you must configure the parent and child.
配置子组件
Configuring the child component
下面的例子中有一个 <input>
,用户可以输入一个值,然后点击一个引发事件 <button>
然后, EventEmitter
数据中继到父组件。
The following example features an <input>
where a user can enter a value and click a <button>
that raises an event. The EventEmitter
then relays the data to the parent component.
在子组件类中导入
Output
和EventEmitter
Import
Output
andEventEmitter
in the child component class:import { Output, EventEmitter } from '@angular/core';
在组件类中,用
@Output()
装饰一个属性。下面的例子中newItemEvent
这个@Output()
的类型为EventEmitter
,这意味着它是一个事件。In the component class, decorate a property with
@Output()
. The following examplenewItemEvent
@Output()
has a type ofEventEmitter
, which means it's an event.src/app/item-output/item-output.component.ts @Output() newItemEvent = new EventEmitter<string>();
上述声明中的差异点如下:
The different parts of the above declaration are as follows:
@Output()
- 一个装饰器函数,它把该属性标记为数据从子组件进入父组件的一种途径@Output()
—a decorator function marking the property as a way for data to go from the child to the parentnewItemEvent
- 这个@Output()
的名字newItemEvent
—the name of the@Output()
EventEmitter<string>
- 这个@Output()
的类型EventEmitter<string>
—the@Output()
's typenew EventEmitter<string>()
- 使用 Angular 来创建一个新的事件发射器,它发出的数据是string
类型的。new EventEmitter<string>()
—tells Angular to create a new event emitter and that the data it emits is of type string.关于
EventEmitter
的详细信息,请参阅 EventEmitter API 文档。For more information on
EventEmitter
, see the EventEmitter API documentation.
在同一个组件类中创建一个
addNewItem()
方法:Create an
addNewItem()
method in the same component class:src/app/item-output/item-output.component.ts export class ItemOutputComponent { @Output() newItemEvent = new EventEmitter<string>(); addNewItem(value: string) { this.newItemEvent.emit(value); } }
addNewItem()
函数使用newItemEvent
这个@Output()
来引发一个事件,该事件带有用户输入到<input>
中的值。The
addNewItem()
function uses the@Output()
,newItemEvent
, to raise an event with the value the user types into the<input>
.
配置子组件的模板
Configuring the child's template
子组件的模板有两个控件。第一个是带有模板引用变量 #newItem
的 <input>
,用户可在其中输入条目名称。 #newItem
变量的 value
属性存储了用户输入到 <input>
中的值。
The child's template has two controls. The first is an HTML <input>
with a template reference variable , #newItem
, where the user types in an item name. The value
property of the #newItem
variable stores what the user types into the <input>
.
<label for="item-input">Add an item:</label>
<input type="text" id="item-input" #newItem>
<button (click)="addNewItem(newItem.value)">Add to parent's list</button>
第二个元素是带有 click
事件绑定 的 <button>
元素。
The second element is a <button>
with a click
event binding.
(click)
事件绑定到了子组件类中 addNewItem()
方法。addNewItem()
方法接受一个 #newItem.value
属性的值作为参数。
The (click)
event is bound to the addNewItem()
method in the child component class. The addNewItem()
method takes as its argument the value of the #newItem.value
property.
配置父组件
Configuring the parent component
此范例中的 AppComponent
有一个 items
列表,以及一个向数组中添加更多条目的方法。
The AppComponent
in this example features a list of items
in an array and a method for adding more items to the array.
export class AppComponent {
items = ['item1', 'item2', 'item3', 'item4'];
addItem(newItem: string) {
this.items.push(newItem);
}
}
addItem()
方法接受一个字符串形式的参数,然后把该字符串添加到 items
数组中。
The addItem()
method takes an argument in the form of a string and then adds that string to the items
array.
配置父组件的模板
Configuring the parent's template
在父模板中,把父组件的方法绑定到子组件的事件上。
In the parent's template, bind the parent's method to the child's event.
把子组件选择器(
<app-item-output>
)放在父组件的模板app.component.html
中。Put the child selector, here
<app-item-output>
, within the parent component's template,app.component.html
.src/app/app.component.html <app-item-output (newItemEvent)="addItem($event)"></app-item-output>
事件绑定
(newItemEvent)='addItem($event)'
会把子组件中的newItemEvent
事件连接到父组件的addItem()
方法。The event binding,
(newItemEvent)='addItem($event)'
, connects the event in the child,newItemEvent
, to the method in the parent,addItem()
.$event
中包含用户在子组件模板上的<input>
中键入的数据。The
$event
contains the data that the user types into the<input>
in the child template UI.要了解
@Output()
的工作方式,你可以把以下内容添加到父组件的模板中:To see the
@Output()
working, you can add the following to the parent's template:<ul> <li *ngFor="let item of items">{{item}}</li> </ul>
*ngFor
会迭代items
数组中的条目。当你在子组件的<input>
中输入一个值并单击该按钮时,子组件就会发出该事件,而父组件的addItem()
方法会把这个值追加到其items
数组中,并且列表中会渲染出这个新条目。The
*ngFor
iterates over the items in theitems
array. When you enter a value in the child's<input>
and click the button, the child emits the event and the parent'saddItem()
method pushes the value to theitems
array and new item renders in the list.
同时使用 @Input()
和 @Output()
Using @Input()
and @Output()
together
你可以在同一个子组件上使用 @Input()
和 @Output()
,范例如下:
You can use @Input()
and @Output()
on the same child component as follows:
<app-input-output [item]="currentItem" (deleteRequest)="crossOffItem($event)"></app-input-output>
目标 item
是子组件类中的一个 @Input()
属性,它会从父组件的 currentItem
属性中获取它的值。当你单击“删除”时,子组件就会引发一个事件 deleteRequest
,它会作为父组件中 crossOffItem()
方法的参数。
The target, item
, which is an @Input()
property in the child component class, receives its value from the parent's property, currentItem
. When you click delete, the child component raises an event, deleteRequest
, which is the argument for the parent's crossOffItem()
method.
下图展示了子组件 <app-input-output>
中 @Input()
和 @Output()
的各个部分。
The following diagram shows the different parts of the @Input()
and @Output()
on the <app-input-output>
child component.
这里的子选择器是 <app-input-output>
,它所带的 item
和 deleteRequest
是子组件类中的 @Input()
和 @Output()
属性。而 currentItem
属性和 crossOffItem()
方法都位于父组件类中。
The child selector is <app-input-output>
with item
and deleteRequest
being @Input()
and @Output()
properties in the child component class. The property currentItem
and the method crossOffItem()
are both in the parent component class.
要想用“盒子里的香蕉” [()]
语法来组合属性和事件绑定,参阅双向绑定。
To combine property and event bindings using the banana-in-a-box syntax, [()]
, see Two-way Binding.