组件样式link

Component styleslink

Angular 应用使用标准的 CSS 来设置样式。这意味着你可以把关于 CSS 的那些知识和技能直接用于 Angular 程序中，例如：样式表、选择器、规则以及媒体查询等。

Angular applications are styled with standard CSS. That means you can apply everything you know about CSS stylesheets, selectors, rules, and media queries directly to Angular applications.

另外，Angular 还能把组件样式捆绑在组件上，以实现比标准样式表更加模块化的设计。

Additionally, Angular can bundle component styles with components, enabling a more modular design than regular stylesheets.

本章将会讲解如何加载和使用这些组件样式。

This page describes how to load and apply these component styles.

你可以运行现场演练 / 下载范例，在 Stackblitz 中试用并下载本页的代码。

You can run the现场演练 / 下载范例in Stackblitz and download the code from there.

使用组件样式link

Using component styleslink

对你编写的每个 Angular 组件来说，除了定义 HTML 模板之外，还要定义用于模板的 CSS 样式、 指定任意的选择器、规则和媒体查询。

For every Angular component you write, you may define not only an HTML template, but also the CSS styles that go with that template, specifying any selectors, rules, and media queries that you need.

实现方式之一，是在组件的元数据中设置 styles 属性。 styles 属性可以接受一个包含 CSS 代码的字符串数组。 通常你只给它一个字符串就行了，如同下例：

One way to do this is to set the styles property in the component metadata. The styles property takes an array of strings that contain CSS code. Usually you give it one string, as in the following example:

      
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      @Component({
  selector: 'app-root',
  template: `
    <h1>Tour of Heroes</h1>
    <app-hero-main [hero]="hero"></app-hero-main>
  `,
  styles: ['h1 { font-weight: normal; }']
})
export class HeroAppComponent {
/* . . . */
}
    

范围化的样式link

Style scopelink

它们既不会被模板中嵌入的组件继承，也不会被通过内容投影（如 ng-content）嵌进来的组件继承。

They are not inherited by any components nested within the template nor by any content projected into the component.

在这个例子中，h1 的样式只对 HeroAppComponent 生效，既不会作用于内嵌的 HeroMainComponent，也不会作用于应用中其它任何地方的 <h1> 标签。

In this example, the h1 style applies only to the HeroAppComponent, not to the nested HeroMainComponent nor to <h1> tags anywhere else in the application.

这种范围限制就是所谓的样式模块化特性

This scoping restriction is a styling modularity feature.

• 可以使用对每个组件最有意义的 CSS 类名和选择器。

  You can use the CSS class names and selectors that make the most sense in the context of each component.

• 类名和选择器是局限于该组件的，它不会和应用中其它地方的类名和选择器冲突。

  Class names and selectors are local to the component and don't collide with classes and selectors used elsewhere in the application.

• 组件的样式不会因为别的地方修改了样式而被意外改变。

  Changes to styles elsewhere in the application don't affect the component's styles.

• 你可以让每个组件的 CSS 代码和它的 TypeScript、HTML 代码放在一起，这将促成清爽整洁的项目结构。

  You can co-locate the CSS code of each component with the TypeScript and HTML code of the component, which leads to a neat and tidy project structure.

• 将来你可以修改或移除组件的 CSS 代码，而不用遍历整个应用来看它有没有在别处用到。

  You can change or remove component CSS code without searching through the whole application to find where else the code is used.

特殊的选择器link

Special selectorslink

组件样式中有一些从影子(Shadow) DOM 样式范围领域（记录在W3C的CSS Scoping Module Level 1中） 引入的特殊选择器：

Component styles have a few special selectors from the world of shadow DOM style scoping (described in the CSS Scoping Module Level 1 page on the W3C site). The following sections describe these selectors.

:hostlink

使用 :host 伪类选择器，用来选择组件宿主元素中的元素（相对于组件模板内部的元素）。

Use the :host pseudo-class selector to target styles in the element that hosts the component (as opposed to targeting elements inside the component's template).

      
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      :host {
  display: block;
  border: 1px solid black;
}
    

:host 选择是是把宿主元素作为目标的唯一方式。除此之外，你将没办法指定它， 因为宿主不是组件自身模板的一部分，而是父组件模板的一部分。

The :host selector is the only way to target the host element. You can't reach the host element from inside the component with other selectors because it's not part of the component's own template. The host element is in a parent component's template.

要把宿主样式作为条件，就要像函数一样把其它选择器放在 :host 后面的括号中。

Use the function form to apply host styles conditionally by including another selector inside parentheses after :host.

下一个例子再次把宿主元素作为目标，但是只有当它同时带有 active CSS 类的时候才会生效。

The next example targets the host element again, but only when it also has the active CSS class.

      
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      :host(.active) {
  border-width: 3px;
}
    

:host 选择器也可以与其他选择器组合使用。在 :host 后面添加选择器以选择子元素，例如，使用 :host h2 定位组件视图内的 <h2>。

The :host selector can also be combined with other selectors. Add selectors behind the :host to select child elements, for example using :host h2 to target all <h2> elements inside a component's view.

:host-contextlink

有时候，基于某些来自组件视图外部的条件应用样式是很有用的。 例如，在文档的 <body> 元素上可能有一个用于表示样式主题 (theme) 的 CSS 类，你应当基于它来决定组件的样式。

Sometimes it's useful to apply styles based on some condition outside of a component's view. For example, a CSS theme class could be applied to the document <body> element, and you want to change how your component looks based on that.

这时可以使用 :host-context() 伪类选择器。它也以类似 :host() 形式使用。它在当前组件宿主元素的祖先节点中查找 CSS 类， 直到文档的根节点为止。在与其它选择器组合使用时，它非常有用。

Use the :host-context() pseudo-class selector, which works just like the function form of :host(). The :host-context() selector looks for a CSS class in any ancestor of the component host element, up to the document root. The :host-context() selector is useful when combined with another selector.

在下面的例子中，只有当某个祖先元素有 CSS 类 theme-light 时，才会把 background-color 样式应用到组件内部的所有 <h2> 元素中。

The following example applies a background-color style to all <h2> elements inside the component, only if some ancestor element has the CSS class theme-light.

      
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      :host-context(.theme-light) h2 {
  background-color: #eef;
}
    

已弃用 /deep/、>>> 和 ::ng-deeplink

(deprecated) /deep/, >>>, and ::ng-deeplink

组件样式通常只会作用于组件自身的 HTML 上。

Component styles normally apply only to the HTML in the component's own template.

把伪类 ::ng-deep 应用到任何一条 CSS 规则上就会完全禁止对那条规则的视图包装。任何带有 ::ng-deep 的样式都会变成全局样式。为了把指定的样式限定在当前组件及其下级组件中，请确保在 ::ng-deep 之前带上 :host 选择器。如果 ::ng-deep 组合器在 :host 伪类之外使用，该样式就会污染其它组件。

Applying the ::ng-deep pseudo-class to any CSS rule completely disables view-encapsulation for that rule. Any style with ::ng-deep applied becomes a global style. In order to scope the specified style to the current component and all its descendants, be sure to include the :host selector before ::ng-deep. If the ::ng-deep combinator is used without the :host pseudo-class selector, the style can bleed into other components.

这个例子以所有的 <h3> 元素为目标，从宿主元素到当前元素再到 DOM 中的所有子元素：

The following example targets all <h3> elements, from the host element down through this component to all of its child elements in the DOM.

      
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      :host ::ng-deep h3 {
  font-style: italic;
}
    

/deep/ 组合器还有两个别名：>>> 和 ::ng-deep。

The /deep/ combinator also has the aliases >>>, and ::ng-deep.

把样式加载进组件中link

Loading component styleslink

有几种方式把样式加入组件：

There are several ways to add styles to a component:

• 设置 styles 或 styleUrls 元数据

  By setting styles or styleUrls metadata.

• 内联在模板的 HTML 中

  Inline in the template HTML.

• 通过 CSS 文件导入

  With CSS imports.

上述作用域规则对所有这些加载模式都适用。

The scoping rules outlined earlier apply to each of these loading patterns.

元数据中的样式link

Styles in component metadatalink

你可以给 @Component 装饰器添加一个 styles 数组型属性。

You can add a styles array property to the @Component decorator.

这个数组中的每一个字符串（通常也只有一个）定义一份 CSS。

Each string in the array defines some CSS for this component.

      
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      @Component({
  selector: 'app-root',
  template: `
    <h1>Tour of Heroes</h1>
    <app-hero-main [hero]="hero"></app-hero-main>
  `,
  styles: ['h1 { font-weight: normal; }']
})
export class HeroAppComponent {
/* . . . */
}
    

当使用 --inline-styles 标识创建组件时，Angular CLI 的 ng generate component命令就会定义一个空的 styles 数组

The Angular CLI command ng generate componentdefines an empty styles array when you create the component with the --inline-style flag.

      
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      ng generate component hero-app --inline-style
    

组件元数据中的样式文件link

Style files in component metadatalink

你可以通过把外部 CSS 文件添加到 @Component 的 styleUrls 属性中来加载外部样式。

You can load styles from external CSS files by adding a styleUrls property to a component's @Component decorator:

      
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      @Component({
  selector: 'app-root',
  template: `
    <h1>Tour of Heroes</h1>
    <app-hero-main [hero]="hero"></app-hero-main>
  `,
  styleUrls: ['./hero-app.component.css']
})
export class HeroAppComponent {
/* . . . */
}
    

当你使用 Angular CLI 的 ng generate component命令但不带 --inline-style 标志时，CLI 会为你创建一个空白的样式表文件，并且在所生成组件的 styleUrls 中引用该文件。

When you use the Angular CLI command ng generate componentwithout the --inline-style flag, it creates an empty styles file for you and references that file in the component's generated styleUrls.

      
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      ng generate component hero-app
    

模板内联样式link

Template inline styleslink

你也可以直接在组件的 HTML 模板中写 <style> 标签来内嵌 CSS 样式。

You can embed CSS styles directly into the HTML template by putting them inside <style> tags.

      
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      @Component({
  selector: 'app-hero-controls',
  template: `
    <style>
      button {
        background-color: white;
        border: 1px solid #777;
      }
    </style>
    <h3>Controls</h3>
    <button (click)="activate()">Activate</button>
  `
})
    

模板中的 link 标签link

Template link tagslink

你也可以在组件的 HTML 模板中写 <link> 标签。

You can also write <link> tags into the component's HTML template.

      
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      @Component({
  selector: 'app-hero-team',
  template: `
    <!-- We must use a relative URL so that the AOT compiler can find the stylesheet -->
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/hero-team.component.css">
    <h3>Team</h3>
    <ul>
      <li *ngFor="let member of hero.team">
        {{member}}
      </li>
    </ul>`
})
    

CSS @imports 语法link

CSS @importslink

你还可以利用标准的 CSS @import 规则来把其它 CSS 文件导入到 CSS 文件中。

You can also import CSS files into the CSS files using the standard CSS @import rule. For details, see @importon the MDN site.

在这种情况下，URL 是相对于你正在导入的 CSS 文件的。

In this case, the URL is relative to the CSS file into which you're importing.

      
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      /* The AOT compiler needs the `./` to show that this is local */
@import './hero-details-box.css';
    

外部以及全局样式文件link

External and global style fileslink

当使用 CLI 进行构建时，你必须配置 angular.json 文件，使其包含所有外部资源（包括外部的样式表文件）。

When building with the CLI, you must configure the angular.json to include all external assets, including external style files.

在它的 styles 区注册这些全局样式文件，默认情况下，它会有一个预先配置的全局 styles.css 文件。

Register global style files in the styles section which, by default, is pre-configured with the global styles.css file.

要了解更多，参阅 样式配置指南。

See the Styles configuration guide to learn more.

非 CSS 样式文件link

Non-CSS style fileslink

如果使用 CLI 进行构建，那么你可以用 sass、less 或 stylus 来编写样式，并使用相应的扩展名（.scss、.less、.styl）把它们指定到 @Component.styleUrls 元数据中。例子如下：

If you're building with the CLI, you can write style files in sass, less, or stylus and specify those files in the @Component.styleUrls metadata with the appropriate extensions (.scss, .less, .styl) as in the following example:

      
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      @Component({
  selector: 'app-root',
  templateUrl: './app.component.html',
  styleUrls: ['./app.component.scss']
})
...
    

CLI 的构建过程会运行相关的预处理器。

The CLI build process runs the pertinent CSS preprocessor.

当使用 ng generate component 命令生成组件文件时，CLI 会默认生成一个空白的 CSS 样式文件（.css）。 你可以配置 CLI，让它默认使用你喜欢的 CSS 预处理器，参阅工作区配置指南中的解释。

When generating a component file with ng generate component, the CLI emits an empty CSS styles file (.css) by default. You can configure the CLI to default to your preferred CSS preprocessor as explained in the Workspace configuration guide.